The rebels, enraged by a broken peace deal with the government, are holding the civilian hostages as human shields near the port city of Zamboanga. Troops have surrounded the Moro National Liberation Front guerrillas and their hostages in four coastal villages.
At least nine people have been killed since the standoff began on Monday.
On Tuesday, the rebels fired two mortar rounds near the main port, prompting authorities to order vessels to dock elsewhere. The government rushed more troops and police to the city, and there were sporadic exchanges of fire. Some houses went up in flames in rebel-held villages, forcing more residents to flee.
Zamboanga was virtually shut down, with most air flights and ferry services suspended. Communities near the clashes resembled a war zone, with armoured troop carriers lining streets, troops massing at a school and snipers taking positions atop buildings. A mosque and its minaret were pockmarked with bullet holes.
Zamboanga city cayor Maria Isabelle Climaco said the rebels were demanding international mediation. She said a former governor from the rebels' stronghold of Sulu province tried to talk to the gunmen Tuesday, but "they refuse to listen to anybody locally".
"They say that it's an international problem, and no less than the international community — the UN — should come in," she told television network ABS-CBN. Shots rang out as she spoke from the city hall.
There were no immediate reports of anyone hurt in Wednesday's sporadic trading of fire.
The MNLF rebel group signed a peace accord brokered by a committee of the Organization of the Islamic Conference with the government in 1996, but hundreds of its fighters held on to their arms and have recently accused officials of reneging on a promise to develop an autonomous region for minority Muslims in the southern Mindanao region. They also felt left out after a breakaway faction engaged in successful peace talks with the government brokered by Malaysia.
Last month, the MNLF issued new threats to secede by establishing its own republic.
However, its leader, Nur Misuari, has not appeared in public or issued any statement since about 200 of his followers barged into Zamboanga city's coast early on Monday and clashed with soldiers and police. The fighting left at least nine combatants and civilians dead and several wounded.
The rebels took scores of residents hostage, holding them in houses and a mosque that have been ringed by troops.
President Benigno Aquino III said the top priority was the safety of the hostages and residents of the city. He sent top cabinet officials and his military chief of staff to oversee the security crisis in the country's south, the scene of decades-long Muslim unrest and the homeland of minority Muslims in the predominantly Roman Catholic nation.
Interior secretary Mar Roxas said a crisis committee led by Climaco, the city mayor, was ready to negotiate with the guerrillas for the release of the hostages. He said some officials had opened talks with the rebels "at different levels", including a commander loyal to Misuari, but added there had been no breakthrough.
The crisis comes as a rival rebel group, the 11,000-strong Moro Islamic Liberation Front, has made substantial progress toward a new autonomy deal for Muslims in peace talks with the government.
The latest round of those talks resumed on Tuesday in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's main city.
Military spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Ramon Zagala said that the MNLF rebels had planned to march into Zamboanga, a city of nearly 1 million people, and hoist their flag at city hall, but that government forces discovered the plan.
Presidential adviser Teresita Deles, who oversees the talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, condemned the actions by Misuari's group, challenging claims by some of Misuari's followers that they planned only to stage a peaceful protest.
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